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European Seafarers in the Russian North: Voyages and Geopolitics in the 16th and 17th Centuries. P. 11–21

Версия для печати

Section: History

UDC

94(47).04

Authors

Golovnev Andrey Vladimirovich
Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Faculty of History, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (Yekaterinburg, Russia)
e-mail: andrei_golovnev@bk.ru

Abstract

The Northern Sea Route, that has been known to Scandinavians since time immemorial, in the 16th century became a field of rivalry due to the colonial fever that was spreading over Europe. Projects of northern passage to India and China were first put forward by Italians (P. Centurione and S. Caboto) and later by Englishmen (R. Thorne, R. Chancellor and others). The major role in the implementation of the English commercial and colonial project was played by captains and diplomats of the Muscovy Company, their main competitors being Dutch seafarers. European adventurers in the Arctic followed the routes already known to Russian Pomors, but in their travelogues they talked about “discoveries”, being convinced that any discovery is a privilege of Europeans while other countries and peoples are the ones to be “discovered”. In the Russian North, the Muscovy Company was rivalled by the House of Stroganov, which became the centre of commercial and business colonization of the country’s northern and eastern reaches. European projects on colonization of Muscovy and its borderlands (H. Staden in 1578 and T. Chamberlain in 1612) were not carried out, but this “western threat” resulted in Michael Romanov’s closed-door policy in the Arctic. Englishmen and Dutchmen, unlike Norsemen, did not play a decisive role in the exploration of the Eurasian Arctic, but facilitated the exploration of the Arctic Ocean. In contest and cooperation with Dutchmen, Scandinavians and Englishmen, Russians living in the North created a unique Pomor culture with its seafaring, fishing, sea hunting, international trade and long voyages. Hence, European colonization projects of the 16th and 17th centuries resulted in Russia’s becoming a metropolitan country, a status annoying Europe.

Keywords

Russian North, Northern Sea Route, Arctic Geopolitics, Pomors, colonization
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